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WORLD
MINERALS:
ü The study of minerals is called Mineralogy.
ü A mineral occurs naturally.
ü This is a solid chemical substance.
ü It has a crystalline structure.
ü It has specific physical properties.
ü (Rock is different from mineral. A rock is an
aggregate of one or more minerals).
ü Industrial minerals are those minerals that
are commercially valuable.
ALUMINUM:
ü The principle ore of Aluminum is Bauxite.
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What is Ore?
This is the raw material of any mineral
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ü Australia, Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, USA,
Russia are the chief producers of Bauxite.
ü Production of Aluminum from bauxite is a
highly energy consuming process.
ü Australia, USA and Russia are the chief
producers of Aluminum.
COAL:
ü This is a very important energy mineral.
ü The main types of coal are
v Anthracite
v Bituminous
v Lignite
v Peat
ü Anthracite has the highest (85%) carbon
content.
ü Peat has the lowest (35%) carbon content.
ü Bituminous is most widely occurring type of
coal.
ü China is the leading producer of coal.
ü USA has world’s largest recoverable coal
reserves.
ü Japan is the largest importer of Coal.
COPPER:
ü Chile, Peru, USA, Canada are the main
producers.
ü Most of the copper is obtained from copper
oxides and sulphides.
ü Chile is the largest producer of copper in
the World.
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ü Where is Chile?
Look at South America map. Chile occupying
a narrow and long strip on the west coast of South America. Chile has Andes
Mountains towards East and the Pacific Ocean towards West.
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DIAMONDS:
ü
The leading producers are Botswana, Russia, South Africa, Republic of
Congo and Australia.
ü This is also the hardest substance.
ü This is an allotrope of Carbon.
ü What is allotropy?
v Allotropy is the property of some chemical
elements to exist in 2 or more different molecular forms known as allotropes of
these elements.
v Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of
carbon. These are the pure forms of the same element carbon that differ in
structure.
ü The diamond has highest hardness.
ü In India Madhya Pradesh is the only state
that produces diamonds. Majhgawan area of Panna district in Madhya Pradesh is
the only diamond producing mine in India.
GOLD:
ü This is a noble metal.
ü South Africa, USA, Australia, Canada are the
leading producers.
ü Witwatersrand in South Africa is the most
important gold mining region.
ü Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal
known.
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·
Ductility means ability to be stretched.
·
Malleability means ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or
rolling.
·
Ductility and malleability are the aspects of
plasticity.
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ü Gold is represented by the symbol Au.
ü Kolar Gold fields in Bangarpet Taluk of Kolar
district of Karnataka from where the gold is extracted.
IRON ORE:
ü This is the basic raw material for the iron
and steel industry.
ü It is one of the most widely occurring
minerals.
ü Iron ore represents almost 95% of all metal
used per year.
ü Leading producers are China, Brazil,
Australia, India and Russia.
ü China is the largest producer of iron ore in
the country.
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Commercial ores of iron are:
v Magnetite (More than 60% iron)
v Haematite (50% to 65% iron)
v Limonite (less than 50% of iron)
v Siderite.
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SILVER:
ü The most important ore of silver is
argentine.
ü This is also a precious metal.
ü Mexico, Australia, Chile are the chief
producers.
ü Mexico is the largest producer in the World.
MANGANESE:
ü
Manganese is used for making steel.
ü
The main ores are pyrolusite and psilomelane.
ü
China, South Africa, Australia, Ukraine are the leading producers of
Manganese.
LEAD:
ü
Galena is the chief ore of lead.
ü
The chemical symbol of lead is Pb (Plumbum).
ü
Lead is a soft and malleable material.
ü
This occurs in association with Zinc.
ü
Australia, China, USA, Peru are the chief producers.
MERCURY:
ü
This occurs in liquid state.
ü Spain, China and Italy are the chief
producers.
ü
The chemical symbol of Mercury is Hg.
ü
Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for
temperature and pressure. (Bromine is also liquid under these conditions).
ü
Mercury occurs in the form of cinnabar ore.
MICA:
ü
This is a non metallic mineral.
ü
Mica is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
ü
India and USA are the leading producers.
OIL:
ü
This is commonly called petroleum.
ü
This is also called crude oil.
ü
This is a mixture of combustible hydro-carbons.
ü
This is used to produce gasoline (petrol) and other petroleum based products
from crude oil.
ü
Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran are the chief producers.
ü
Saudi Arabia is the largest producer.
ü
USA is the largest importer.
NATURAL GAS:
ü
This is also a mixture of carbon and other combustible gases that are
called hydro-carbons.
ü
Russia, USA, Canada are the chief producers.
ü
Russia is the leading exporter.
ü
USA is the leading importer.
ü
Natural gas primarily consists of Methane.
ü
Before natural gas is used as fuel except methane all other material are
removed.
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