KALYANSIR.COM
ü Minerals
are the naturally occurring materials which when exploited economically are
called ores.
ü There
are more than 5000 mines in India.
ü There
are more than 800 metallic mines.
ü The
rest are non-metallic mines.
ü Minerals
Sector employs over 10 lakh people.
ü The
mineral sector accounts for 12% of the industrial output.
ü The
mineral sector contributes to 3% of GDP.
Classification of
Minerals:
Metallic Non-Metallic Energy
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Iron Ore Gold Potash
Coal
Manganese Silver
Dolomite Petroleum
Chromite Copper Mica
Pyrote Lead Gypsum
Tungsten Bauxite Limestone
Nickle Tin Nitrate
Cobalt Megnisium
IRON
ORE:
ü The
total reserves of India are about 20% of the world reserves.
ü Chief variation of iron ores are:
Magnetite:
ü This
is best quality ore.
ü This contains
72 percent pure iron.
ü This is found
in Jharkhand, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
MAGNETITE |
Hematite:
ü This
is the second best quality.
ü This
contains 60 to70 percent pure iron.
ü This
is available in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa, MP, Goa, Chhattisgarh.
HEMATITE |
Limonite:
ü This
contains 40 to 60 percent iron.
ü This
is yellow and light brown in color.
ü This
is not very significant.
Siderite:
SIDERITE |
ü This
is an impure iron ore.
ü This
contains 40 to 50 percent pure iron.
Manganese:
ü The
Manganese is primarily used for making Iron and Steel.
ü This
acts as a basic raw material for manufacturing its alloy.
ü It
is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, paints,
batteries and China clay.
MANGANESE |
Chromite:
ü It
is an oxide of iron and chromium.
ü Orissa
is the largest producer of Chromite.
ü Karnataka
is the second largest producer of chromite.
ü It
is widely used in Metallurgical, refractories and chemical industries.
ü Japan
is the largest buyer.
CHROMITE |
Copper:
ü It
is an excellent conductor of electricity and is ductile
ü Thus
it is used in electrical machinery, wires and cables.
COPPER |
Nickel:
ü It
does not occur in a free state.
ü It
is found in association with copper, uranium, etc.
ü It
is an important alloying material.
ü This
is used for rust proof in steel production.
ü It
is used in Hydrogenation of fats.
ü Singhbhum,
Orissa, Rajasthan are the chief producer.
Zinc:
ü Galena,
chalco pyrites, iron pyrites and other sulphide are the important ores.
ü It
is used in dry batteries, electrodes textile and die-casting.
ü It
is found mainly in Degona in Rajasthan and Chandpathar in West Bengal.
ZINC |
Tungsten:
ü Its
chief ore is wolfram.
ü It
imparts self-hardening quality to steel.
ü It
is mostly used in manufacturing ammunitions, armor plates, heavy gun, etc.
ü It
is found mainly in Degona in Rajasthan and Chandpathar in West Bengal.
TUNGSTEN |
BAUXITE:
ü This
is an important ore for aluminum production.
Production of Bauxite:
State 000 tonnes Production (%)
Orissa 1890 36
Gujarat 979 17
Jharkhand 589 12
Chhattisgarh 589 12
MP 520 11
Non-Metallic Minerals:
Mica:
ü Its
main ores are Marguerite, Phlogopite, Biotite.
ü It
is a valuable mineral for the electrical and electronics industry.
ü Jharkhand
has the richest deposits of Mica.
ü Andhra
Pradesh stands at number two position with 40% of production.
Limestone:
ü It
contains CaCo3.
ü It
is used for cement making and iron and steel industry.
ü Important
producing states are MP, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka,etc.,
Dolomite:
ü Limestone
with more than 10% magnesium is called dolomite.
ü Orissa
is the largest producer of Dolomite.
ü Orissa
accounts for 50% of the production.
ü Burmotrapur
is the chief production centre.
ü Chhattisgarh
is the 2nd most significant producer.
ü Chattisgarh
account for 22% of the total production.
ü Chaibasa
of Jharkhand is another important producer.
Asbestos:
ü Chrysolite
and tremolite are collectively called asbestos.
ü It
has fibrous structure.
ü The
Asbestos is resistant to fire.
ü It
is used in fire-proof materials, paints, insulation, etc.
ü Rajasthan
is the largest producer of Asbestos.
ü The
main producing centers are Udaipur and Durgapur districts.
ü Pulivendula
Taluk in Andhra Pradesh is another significant producer.
magnesite:
ü It
is an alteration product of dunites.
ü It
is primarily used for refractory bricks.
ü This
is also used as a bond in abrasives, tiles, artificial stones, etc.
ü Tamil
Nadu is the largest producer of Magnesite.
ü Chalk
Hills near Salem has the world's largest magnesite deposits.
ü Karnataka
and Rajasthan are other important states.
Kyanite:
ü This
is available in metamorphic aluminous rocks.
ü India
is the largest producer of Kyanite in the world.
ü Jharkhand
has the largest deposits.
ü Lapsabaru
to Kharsawan in Saraikela has the largest deposits.
Gypsum:
ü It
is a hydrated sulphate of calcium which occurs as transparent minerals in beds
or bands in sedimentary deposits.
ü Rajasthan
is the largest producer of gypsum in India.
ü Tamil
Nadu and Jammu & Kashmir are the other important states that produce
Gypsum.
Diamond:
ü This
is an allotrope of carbon.
ü It
is highly lustrous, hardest transparent substance.
ü The
main diamond bearing areas are Panna belt in MP.
ü The
other important areas are Wajrakarur Kimbirlite and grovel of Krishna River in
Andhra Pradesh.
DIAMOND |
Atomic Minerals:
thorium:
ü This
is a radioactive mineral.
ü This
is mainly produced from monazite sand of Kerala beaches.
Beryllium:
ü The
Beryllium is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor.
ü This
is found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
FUEL MINERALS:
Coal:
ü This
is also called Black Gold for its high utility.
ü This
is a chief mineral fuel.
ü It
is an inflammable organic substance.
ü This
is composed mainly of hydrocarbons.
ü The
Coal is found in the form of sedimentary rocks.
ü The
Coal is used as a fuel to supply heat or light or both.
ü Coal
is a Combustible matter in carbon.
ü It
constitutes about 60 percent of total commercial energy consumed.
ü The
power sector and industries account for 94% of its total consumption.
ü The
states Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West
Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of coal.
Types of Coal:
Anthracite:
ü This
is the best quality coal.
ü The
Anthracite contains 80 percent of Carbon.
ü This
is hard, compact and jet black.
ü This
is found only in the Nichagam and Karakum areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
Bituminous:
ü This
contains 60 to 80 percent of carbon.
ü The
Bituminous is most profound and most widely used.
ü It
has high calorific value.
ü This
is found mostly in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
Lignite:
ü Lignite
is also known as brown coal.
ü The
Lignite contains about 60 percent of carbon.
ü It
is found in Neyvelli in Tamil Nadu, Palna in Rajasthan, Lakhimpur in Assam and
Karewa of Jammu and Kashmir.
ü Tamil
Nadu alone accounts for 90% of the reserve and 80% of the production.
ü Neyvelli
has the largest lignite deposits in South-East Asia
Peat:
ü This
marks the first stage of transformation of wood into coal.
ü The
Peat contains 50 percent of carbon.
ü It
burns like wood and leaves lot of ash.
ü Erstwhile
Madhya Pradesh has 20 percent of total coal reserves but contributes 30 percent
of the coal production.
The main coal fields:
ü Umaria,
Korar, Sohagpur, Singrauli
ü Tatapani,
Jhilmilli, Bisrampur, Kuraisia, Rampur.
ü Mand
river and Raigarh
ü Pench
and Kanhan valley in Chindwara district
ü Patakhera,
Dalhara and Shahpur in Betul.
PETROLEUM
ü Petroleum
is an inflammable liquid.
ü This
is obtained from sedimentary formations.
ü It
is primarily made of hydrocarbon which exists to the amount of 90 to 95 percent
and other organic compounds containing Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur.
ü Petro-chemical
industries, cement, fertilizer industries and locomotive heavily depend on this
mineral liquid.
Distribution of
Petroleum:
State Production (in M.T.) Production (%)
Maharashtra 27,278 63%
Mumbai High
Gujarat 12,212 21%
Assam 16.5%
Tamil Nadu 370 1.4%
Arunachal Pradesh 59 0.15%
ü Assam is the oldest oil
producing state of India.
ü Main
oil bearing strata found in upper Brahmaputra valley.
ü Digboi
field in Dibrugarh district is the oldest oldest oil field of India.
ü Naharkatiya
is another important oil field located southwest of Digboi.
ü In Gujarat the
ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) in 1958 struck oil deposits in the
Gujarat plains at Ankaleshwar.
ü Oil
here is found in an anticline.
ü Jawahar
Lal Nehru called it 'Fountain of Prosperity’.
ü Oil
from Ankaleshwar field is refined at Trombay and Koyali refiner.
ü Lunej
field is located in the Khambhat region.
Off-shore oil fields:
ü In
Mumbai high petroleum was struck in 1974 by ONGC.
ü It
is located on the continental shore of the western coast 175 km northwest of
Mumbai.
ü The
oil belongs to Miocene period.
ü Drilling
is done by specially designed platform called 'Sagarsmata'.
ü Bassein
is located little south of Mumbai High.
Other oil
Fields:
ü Jwalamukhi,
Nurpur, Dharmsal and Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh.
ü Musalgarh
in Jammu and Kashmir.
ü Krishna-Godavari
Basin.
ü Kaveri
Basin.
ü Continental
shelf of Andaman and Nicobar.
ü Eastern
and western coasts of India.
Natural Gas:
ü After
1985, Natural Gas has become important with the discovery of oil wells at
Cavery off-shore and Nanda in Cambay basin, also Tanot in Jaisalmer basin.
ü Andada
in Gujarat
ü Adiyakkamangalam
in Tamil Nadu
ü Khoraghat
in Assam and
ü Mumbai
High are important gas fields in India.
PLACE In Cubic Million Production (%)
Mumbai High 13,976 80%
Gujarat 1,793 11%
Assam 1,217 8%
Tamil Nadu 306 1.5%
Tripura
108 0.6%