KALYANSIR.COM
ROADWAYS:
ü Sher
Shah Suri Marg (GT Road) connects Amritsar to Calcutta.
ü The
first serious attempt to develop roadways was made in 1943 with Nagpur Plan.
ü In
1961 ‘Twenty Year Road Plan’ was drawn
which increased the road length from
6.56 lakh km to 10.60 lakh km.
Classification
of Roads
National Highways
ü The
natural highways are constructed and maintained by CPWED (Central Public Works
Department)
ü These
are for interstate and strategic movements and connect the state capitals.
ü They
carry nearby 40 % of the road traffic in India.
ü Total
length is 42,000 km.
STATE HIGHWAYS
ü The
state highways are constructed and maintained by state governments.
ü They
connect the state capital with district headquarters.
ü Total
length is 1, 50,000 (approx) in India
DISTRICT HIGHWAYS
ü The
construction and maintenance is the responsibility of Zilla Parishad.
ü They
connect district headquarters with Tehsils and Blocks
ü Total
length is 6, 50,528 km.
VILLAGE ROADS
ü The
construction and maintenance of village roads is the responsibility of village
Panchayats.
ü These
roads connects the village with neighboring towns.
ü Total
length is 14, 55,896 km.
NEW NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
N.H. Len.
km. State
NH-81 100 Bihar, W.Bangal
NH-82 130 Bihar
NH-83 130 Bihar
NH
-84 60 Bihar
NH-85 95 Bihar
NH-86 360 U.P. , M.P.
NH-87 83 U.P.
NH-88 115 Himachal Pradesh
NH-89 300 Rajasthan
NH-152 40 Assam
NH-212 250 Kerala,
Karnataka
NH-213 130 Kerala
NH-214 270 Andhra
Pradesh
NH-215 348 Orissa
Total 2411
IMPORTANT NATIONAL HIGHWAYS:
No. 1. New Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar.
No.2. Delhi
- Mathura - Agra - Kanpur - Allahabad - Varanasi - Calcutta.
No.3. Agra
- Gwalior - Nasik - Bombay
No.4. Thana
and Madras Via Pune and Belgaum
No. 5. Calcutta
and Madras
No.6. Calcutta
- Dhule
No. 7 Varanasi - Kanyakumari
No.8. Delhi
- Bombay (Via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)
No.9. Bombay
- Vijayawada
No. 10. Delhi
- Fazilka
No.11. Jaipur
- Bikaner
No.22. Ambala
- Kalka - Shimla - Rampur - Chini (Indo - Tibet Border)
No.24. Delhi
- Bareilly - Lucknow
*The National highways No –7 is the longest high way of
India.
|
THE PLAN OF SUPER NATIONAL HIGHWAYS:
ü After
the Natinal Highways, there is a plan under the consideration of Central Road
Transport Ministry to create Super National Highways.
ü These
Super National Highways of about 14,000 km length.
ü Through
this there is a plan to link big sea ports of the country with important
cities.
ü In
the construction of these Highways, the role of Private Sector will be
important.
ü This
will be done on the basis of BOT (Build Operate Transfer) by Private Sector.
ü The Government of India has received 22
feasibility reports for the building of Super
National Highways and the estimated cost is about Rs. 1,50,000 crore.
ü Out
of these, 10 proposals have come from multinational companies.
ü After
the amendment in clause 9 of National Highway ordinance 1956, the Rajya Sabha
passed the National Highway (Amendment) Act 1997 on March 11, 1997 through
voice vote.
ü This
gave the right to the central government of enacting laws regarding the land
acquisition for the development of National Highways.
ü The
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) was constituted under the National
Highway Authority of India Act 1988 and was made operational in February 1995.
ü Initially
it was entrusted with the task of implementing five externally aided National
Highway improvement projects.
ü Subsequently
it has been mandated to implement the National Highways Development Project
(NHDP) comprising 4/6 laning of 13252 km. of national highways having two
components.
ü The
Golden Quadrilateral connecting four metropolitan cities of Delhi,Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata (5952 km) and
ü (b).
North - South and East - West corridors (7300 km), connecting Srinagar to Kanya
Kumari and sileher to Saurashtra respectively and Salem to Cochin.
RAILWAYS:
ü Trains
are the most important means of transport.
ü They
account for nearly 3/5th of the passenger traffic in India.
ü This
also accounts 4/5th of the freight traffic in India.
ü Indian
railways system is the largest in Asia.
ü Indian
railway system is fourth largest in the world.
ü This
is the biggest departmental public undertaking in the country.
ü It
is also the world’s second largest railway system under a single management.
ü The
first train in India steamed off from Bombay to Thane, a stretch of 34 km. in
1853.
ü The
network of railways has increased up to 62,809 km.
ü The
Indian railways operate in three different gauges.
ü Broad Gauge
ü Metre Gauge
ü Narrow Gauge
|
ü The
broad gauge accounts for nearly 50 % of the traffic followed by meter gauge 43
% of the total route length.
ü The
total route - length of the Indian Railways is about 63,000 km.
ü Railways
are divided into 16 zones, headed by a General Manager who is responsible to
the Railway Board for operation, maintenance and financial matters.
ü Out
of the 16 zones Northern Railways is the longest with a length of 10,995 km.
CONTAINER
SERVICE:
ü Indian
Railways has introduced a new marketing strategy of Container services in 1980
with 7 container depots which in 1996 have expanded to 32 locations.
ü The
Container Corporation of India (CONCOR), a public sector undertaking provide door to door services for domestic users, transportation
in bulk for small customers and international transport in International
standards organization (ISO) containers.
KONKAN RAILWAY PLAN:
ü In
March 1990, the Konkan Railway Plan was started to provide a link by the
shortest rail route between the states of Goa, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
ü This
includes, the 760 km distance between Apta and Mangalore.
ü The
Registration of Konkan Rail Corporation was made on 26 July, 1990 under the
company act.
ü 51
% share equity of the corporation belongs to Indian Railways.
ü The
Konkan Railway Project has been completed on January 26, 1998.
ü The
rail traffic has been started between Roha (Maharashtra) and Mangalore
(Karnataka). Konkan Railways ensures maximum speed of 160 km per hour.
RAILWAY ZONE - HEADQUARTERS
ü Central Mumbai, Victoria terminus
ü
Eastern Calcutta
ü
Northern New Delhi
ü
North Estern Gorakhpur
ü
North –East-Frontier Maligaon - Guwahati
ü
Southern Chennai
ü
South Central Secunderabad
ü
South Eastern Calcutta
ü
Western Mumbai - Churchgate
ü
East Cost - Bhubaneswar
ü
East Central - Hajipur
ü
North Cental - Allahabad
ü
North Western Jaipur
ü
South Western Bangalore (Hubli)
ü
West Central Jabalpur
ü Bilaspur - Bilaspur
|
AIR TRANSPORT:
The international airports in
India.
ü Indira
Gandhi International Air port - New Delhi
ü Amritsar
International Air port - Amritsar
ü Lokpriya
Gopinath Bordolio International Air Port - Guwahati
ü Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel International Air port - Ahmadabad
ü Netaji
Subash Chandra Bose International Air port - Kolkata
ü Chatrapati
Shivaji International Air port - Mumbai
ü Goa
Air port - Vasco da Gama
ü Rajiv
Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad
ü Chennai
International Airport - Chennai
ü Bangalore
International Airport - Bangalore
ü Cochin
international Airport - Cochin
ü Trivendram
International Airport - Tiruvanantapuram
Previous names of some of the international
Airports:
v New Delhi – Palam
v Kolkata - Dum Dum
v Mumbai - Santa Cruz
v Chennai - Meenambakam
|
AIR INDIA:
ü Air
India was established in the year 1953.
ü Air
India has bilateral air services agreement with more than 100 countries in the
World.
INDIAN AIRLINES:
ü The
Indian Air line was established in 1953.
PAWAN HANS LIMITED:
ü
This is basically meant for providing
helicopter support services to oil sector, hill station and remote areas.
ü
It also provides air support services to
several customers which includes ONGC, Punjab, M.P., Lakshadweep
Administration, GAIL, BSF and also caters to private sector.
PRIVATE AIR TAXI:
ü The
liberalization process in civil aviation took wing in April 1990 with the cargo
open skies policies.
ü The
Air Corporation Act, 1953 was repealed on March 1, 1994.
ü This
put an end to the monopoly of Indian Airlines, Air India and Vayudoot over
scheduled air transport services.
WATER TRANSPORT:
ü This
is the most efficient, least costly and environment friendly means of
transportation.
ü The
total length of navigable water ways in India comprising rivers, canals,
backwaters, crecks, etc. is 14,500 km.
ü Out
of the total navigable water ways 3700 km is navigable by mechanized boats.
ü India
has a net of 4300 navigable canals out of which only 900 km is navigable by
mechanized boats.
PORTS:
ü India
has a long coastline in the Indian Ocean.
ü India
has 11 major and 139 medium and small ports.
ü There are 12 major ports handling 90 % of the cargo
MUMBAI:
ü This
is a natural harbour.
ü This
is located on the western coast of India.
ü Mineral
oil that is imported from South West Asia is received here.
ü Most
of the foreign trade with Western countries and East African countries takes
place on the west coast.
ü This
is the biggest port in India
ü Another
port Nhava Sheva is developed to relieve the pressure on Mumbai port.
KANDLA:
ü This
is a tidal port.
ü This
is the first free port in India.
ü This
is located on the eastern end of Rann of Kutch
ü From
here the export of Crude oil, fertilizer, salt, foodgrain, cotton, cement takes
place.
ü It
was created out of compulsion since Karachi port went to Pakistan after
partition.
MARMUGAO:
ü This
is on the coast of Goa.
ü This
is also a natural port.
ü Iron
ore is exported from Goa.
ü It
occupies fifth position in handling the traffic.
NEW MANGALORE
ü This
is on the coast of Karnataka.
ü From
here the export of iron ore from Kudramukh mines takes place.
ü It
handles the import of fertilizer edible oil, petroleum products.
KOCHI:
ü This
is also a natural harbour.
ü This
forms at the backwaters of Kerala coast.
ü From
here the export of tea, coffee, spices, cashew, etc takes place.
ü Sheltered
backwater bay
ü The
import of petroleum for Kochi refinery also takes place here.
TUTICORIN:
ü This
is located at the coast of Tamil Nadu.
ü This
handles coal, food grains, edible oil, sugar and petro products.
ü This
is developed in the recent times.
CHENNAI
ü This
is an artificial harbour.
ü This
is located on the east coast in the state of Tamil Nadu.
ü It
handles petroleum products, mineral oil and iron ore.
ü This
is the oldest port in India.
ü The
lesser depth of water and tropical cyclones makes it impossible sometime.
VISAKHAPATNAM:
ü This
is located on the eastern coast along Andhra Pradesh.
ü This
is naturally deep water and protected.
ü The
export of Crude oil, petroleum product, iron ore takes place.
ü It
is the deepest land locked and protected port.
PARADEEP:
ü This
is located on the Odisha coast.
ü It
has capacity of handling 6.05 million tonnes.
KOLKATA
ü This
is a riverine port.
ü This
is an Inland location on Hoogli River.
ü Goods
from South east, Australia and New – Zealand are imported here.
ü This
is a Tidal port.
ü The
Kolkata port suffers from problem of silting.
HALDIA:
This is located on Hooghli.
This is meant for releasing congestion at Kolkata
port.
KALYANSIR.COM