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ü The
level of Industrialization best reflects the level of economic development in a
country.
ü Manufacturing
is the main process by which industries convert primary goods into two
secondary products by means of value addition, which involves partial or
complete transformation of the same.
ü The
location of industries is an important theme in geographical studies.
ü It
depends on both geographic and anthropogenic factors.
ü Geographical factors include:
Raw material, Power, Labour,
Transportation, Market, Site, Water supply, Climate.
ü In non - Geographical factor or Anthropogenic factors are included:
Capital, Policies, organization, Banking
& Insurance.
ü Other set of factors :
Agglomeration effect, industrial
inertia.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY:
ü This
includes cotton, jute, wool, silk and synthetic fiber textiles.
ü Highest
employment in manufacturing sector is found in textile industry particularly in
the sector Producing cotton, Jute, wool and silk.
Cotton Textile
ü The
first modern mill was setup in 1818 a Fort Gloster near Calcutta.
ü The
first mission was a failure.
ü Then,
C.N. Dewar made first successful investment in 1854 in Mumbai.
ü It
was followed by Shahpur mill in 1861 and Calico mill in 1863 at threaded.
ü World
War I and II gave a boost to the industry.
ü However
in the year 1947 after partition of the country the industry got a severe jolt
as most of the long staple cotton growing area went with Pakistan
ü While
most of the cotton mills remained in India.
ü Currently
it is the largest modernized industry.
ü It
accounts for 16 % of the industrial capital and over 20 percent of the
industrial labour of the country.
ü The
total employment generated by cotton industry is 15 trillion.
ü There
are 40 lakh handlooms and 5 lakh power looms in the decentralized sector alone.
ü In
India about 80 percent of the cotton industry is co terminus with the raw
material (cotton) growing area. Viz–Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur etc.
Maharashtra:
ü The
Maharashtra state produces 43 percent mill cloths and 17 percent of yarn.
ü Mumbai
is its largest center with 65 mills and is rightly called the cotton palace of
India.
ü Mumbai
has humid climate.
ü Mumbai
has a huge market.
ü Mumbai
has a port for export.
ü Sholapur,
Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajpur etc. are other important centers in
Maharashtra. .
Gujarat:
ü Gujarat is the 2nd
largest producer of cotton textile.
ü Gujarat
produces 23 percent of mill cloths and 8 percent of yarn.
ü Ahmedabad
is the most important centre in Gujarat.
ü Its
development owes much to its location along a cotton growing belt.
ü Other
important centers are Vadodara, Rajkot, Gujarat, Porbandar etc.
Madhya Pradesh:
ü Gwalior,
Ujjain, Indore, Dewas, Ratlam, Jabalpur etc. are the main centers of
production.
ü Energy
supplied from coal resource and cheap labouor due to back ward economy are the
primary reason for the development of cotton textile in Madhya Pradesh.
TAMIL NADU:
ü Tamil
Nadu accounts for 33 percent of the yarn production and 8 percent of the
cloths.
ü Coimbatore
is the most important center in Tamil Nadu.
ü Coimbatore
has 200 mills and is known as Manchester of South India.
West Bengal:
ü Calcutta
is the most important centre in West Bengal.
ü It
enjoys facilities of a port, humid climate.
ü The
areas like Ranigunj, Howra, Murshidabad, Hugali, Shiaimpur etc are the
important centres.
Woolen Textile:
ü The
modern woolen textile started with the establishment of ‘Lal Lmali’ at Kanpur
in 1876.
ü It
was followed by Dhariwal in 1881 and Mumbai 1882.
ü At
present there are 625 big and small mills, 1,100 hosiery mills and 155 yarn
spinning mills are running in India.
ü Punjab
leads all other states in production.
ü The
state of Punjab alone has 42 % of the mills of India.
ü Dhariwal
is the largest center in India.
ü Others
important centers are Amritsar, Ludhiana and Kharer.
ü Maharashtra
is the second largest producer of woolen textiles.
ü Mumbai
is the chief center.
ü Shahjahanpur,
Mirzapur, Varansai, apart from Kanpur are the major woolen textile centers.
ü Jamnagar,
Ahmedabad and Vadodara are important centres in Gujarat.
Silk Industry:
ü There are four
varieties of silk that is produced.
·
Mulberry
·
Tussar
·
Eri
·
Muga
ü All
the four Silk varieties Mulberry, Tussar, Eri and Muga are produced in India.
ü Due
to stiff competition from Italy and Japan the growth of Industry is very
sluggish.
ü Karnataka
is the chief silk producer in India.
ü Karnataka
produces 70 percent of the total Mulberry production in India.
ü Mysore,
Bangatan, Kolar, Mandya, Tumkur, Belgaum etc are the other important centers in
Karnataka.
ü The
Karnataka state produces 52 per cent of the Silk cloths in India.
ü West
Bengal is another important state in India.
ü The
West Bengal produces only 13 per cent of the silk and most of which is Mulberry
silk only.
ü Murshidabad, Birbhum are the important centers in West
Bengal.
ü The
states like Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the other important states of silk production.
Synthetic Fibre:
ü The
importance of synthetic fiber has revolutionized the textile industry.
ü It
imports durability.
ü Manmade
fibers are generally divided into two groups
·
Cellulose (Rayon &
Acetate)
·
Non cellulose (Nylon,
Polyester etc).
ü Cellular
pulp is derived from bamboo, Eucalyptus and other softwood trees.
ü The
chemicals used for making thin fibers are country soda, Sodium sulphate,
sulphuric acid, carbon disulphide and soda sulphate.
Iron and Steel
ü Iron
and Steel industry is the basis of modern industrialization.
ü It
is the basic and core industry upon which many other industries survive.
ü Per
capita consumption of iron and steel is a good measurement of Industrial
development.
ü The
first modern iron and steel industry was established in 1830 at Porto Nova in
Tamil Nadu.
ü It
proved to be an abortive attempt.
ü The
real beginnings were made in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) by opening the TISCO
(Tata Iron and Steel Company).
ü Since
the Iron and Steel industry uses heavy, weight loosing and huge quantity of raw
material, the localization is primarily controlled by the availability of raw
materials.
ü Therefore,
they are either located near the coalfields or iron ore mining areas or at the
mean distance from the two.
ü A new
trend of localization near ports has been set up by the installation of Vizag steel
plant in Andhra Pradesh for export proposes.
Production of I & S
(SAIL) In ooo, Tones
Plants Crude Steel Sabale S. Pig.
Iron.
Bhilai 4073 3494 272
Durgapur 1024 947 104
Rourkela 1205 1148 44
Bokaro 3680 3330 154
Saben - 48 -
IISCO 329 302 421s
Aluminum
Smelting:
ü
This is next only to Iron and Steel in terms of usefulness in the
modern industries.
ü
About 50 percent of the total Aluminum in India is consumed in the
generation and distribution of electricity.
ü The other important requirements are utensils and
domestic wares, transportation and packing.
ü Production
of one tonne of Aluminum requires 18,573 KWh of electricity.
ü Thus
40 percent of the production cost goes to electricity alone.
ü Hence,
electricity and occurrence of Bauxite determine the location of an Aluminum
plant.
ü Indian
Aluminum Company was started in 1938.
ü Aluminum
Corporation of India started in the year 1937 as a public limited company.
ü Its
plant started functioning in 1942 at Jaykayanagar in West Bengal.
ü INDAL
(Indian Aluminum Company Limited) set up its plant in Alupuram (Kerala).
ü During
second five year plan Hirakud in Orissa and Renukut in UP were installed by
INDAL and by HINDALCO at Korba and by BALCO in 1965 and also at Ratnagiri.
Copper SMELTING:
ü Indian
Copper Corporation was set up in 1924.
ü The
first Plant was set up at Ghatshila in Singbhum (Jharkhand).
ü Hindustan
Copper Limited came into being in 1967 and took over Indian Copper Corp in
1972.
ü At
present only two centers, Manbhandar (Ghatshila) and Khetri, (Jhunjhunu) are
working.
Lead
ü The
first lead smelting plant was set up at Tundao near Dhanbad in Jharkhand.
ü Hindustan
Zinc limited overtook it in 1965.
ü HZL
(Hindustan Zinc Limited) has setup a plant at vizag (Andhra Pradesh) also.
ü The
main ore region lies in Rajasthan at Zawar and Rajpur - Dariba.
ü There
are four Zinc smelters in the country at Alwaye (Kerala), Debari &
Chanderia (in Rajasthan) and Vizag Andhra Pradesh)
Fertilizers:
ü This
is another important industry in India.
ü The
location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petro chemicals.
ü About
70 per cent of the fertilizer plants producing Nitrogenous fertilizers use
Naphtha as raw material and Naphtha is a by - product of oil refineries.
ü Phosphate
Plants are dependent on mineral Phosphate found in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
ü Recently
Natural gas based fertilizer plant are coming into being.
ü In
the year 1906 the first super phosphate plant was established in Ranipet (Tamil
Nadu).
ü The
actual growth started with the establishment of Sindri Plant by Fertilizer
Corporation of India.
ü India
is fourth largest producer of Nitrogenous Fertilizer in the World.
ü
Fertilizer Corporation of India has four
units one each at Sindari, Talcher, Gorakhpur and Ramagunbam (AP).
ü NFL
(National Fertilizers Limited) was
established on 23 August, 1974. It has four units.
ü Two
plants (Urea & calcium Ammonium
Nitrate) at Nangal and one each at Bhatinda, Panipat and Vijaipur.
ü Udyogmandalam,
Kochi, Thal, Namrup, Barauni, Paradeep, Amjhor etc. are other important plants.
Machine tools:
ü The
Machine tool industry is also another core industry.
ü The
engineering industries flourish on machine tool industry.
ü The
manufacturing started in 1932 with the advent of Kirloskar Brother Limited.
ü HMT
(Hindustan Machine Tools) is the first large scale modern machine tool factory
setup in Publich Sector at Bangalore in 1953, with collaboration of with
Switzerland.
ü The
units of HMT are located at Bangalore, Hyderabad. Srinagar, Ajmer and Punjab.
ü The
Heavy Machine tools plant at Ranchi was started in 1966.
ü Praga
Tools limited is located at Hyderabad is mainly meant for defense equiments.
ü Jadawpur
Unit (Calcutta) produces precision instrument.
Railway
Locomotives
ü Chittaranjan
Locomotive Work is located in Burdwan district (West Bengal).
ü This
was started in the year 1950.
ü Prior
to 1972 it produced steam locomotives.
ü Now
it produces electric locomotives.
ü Diesel
locomotive works is located at Benaras.
ü TELCO
(Tata Engineering and Locomotives Company) was set up in 1951 at Jamshedpur.
BHEL that is located in Bhopal is meant for the production of Electric
locomotives.
ü The
BHEL wheel and axel Plant is set up at Bangalore.
ü The
coach factory is set up at Perambadur (Chennai) in 1955.
ü This
was set up with Swiss collaboration.
ü Bharat
movers is located at Bangalore.
ü Railway
coach factory is set up in Kapurthala in the year 1988.
Automobile
Industry:
ü The
automobile industry started with General Motor Limited in the year 1928 at
Mumbai.
ü Ford
Motors was started at Chennai in the year 1930.
ü Premier
Automobiles Limited started at Kurla (Mumbai).
ü Hindustan
Motor Limited started at Uttarpura (Kolkata).
ü Motor
cycle units started at Faridabad and Mysore.
ü Scooter
units were started in Luck now, Gatura, Akurdi (Pune). Maruti – Gurgaon (Haryana).
Cement
ü Manufacturing
of cement needs voluminous heavy and weight loosing material.
ü This
is primarily a raw material based industry.
ü Lime
stone is the main raw material and it accounts for almost 66 per cent of the
total product.
ü On
an average 1.5 tonne of limestone is required to produce one tonne of cement.
ü Sitia
(20–25 per cent) and aluminium (5 -10 per cent) are other inputs.
ü Coal
along with electricity is another input which forms 40 of the total cost.
ü First
mill based on seashell was founded in 1904 in Chennai.
ü It
was proved to be abortive.
ü Madhya
Pradesh is the leading producer of cement (24 per cent), followed by Andhra
Pradesh (20 per cent), Rajasthan (11 per cent) Tamil Nadu (8.5 per cent) and
Gujarat (8.5 per cent).
Paper industry:
ü This
is both Agro based and forest based industry.
ü Bamboo,
Sabai grass and Bagasse are the chief raw materials.
ü First
factory was set up in 1816 in Chennai.
ü This
was proved to be a failure.
ü In
the year 1870 Royal Bengal Mills was set up at Balygonj, Calcutta and it was
sucessful.
ü The
paper industry is a weight loosing industry thus seeks raw Material base.
ü Maharashtra
is the leading producer with18 percent.
ü The
Ballaspur in Maharashtra is the largest mill.
ü This
region uses important raw materials from Sweden and Canada.
ü Sanjali,
Kalyan, Mumbai, Pune are other important centers of paper industry.
ü Andhra
Pradesh occupies 2nd position by producing 13 percent of the total output in
India.
ü Rajmundari,
Sirpur, Tirupati, Kurnool, Khamman etc are the chief producing centers in
Andhra Pradesh.
ü Gujarat
accounts for 10 percent of the total production.
ü Uttar
Pradesh has highest number of mills (68) accounts for 9 per cent of the total production.
ü West
Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa are other important states of paper industry. Newsprint
production started with setting up of NEPA at Nepanagar in Housheysed district
(Madhya Pradesh) in 1955.
ü Now
Mysore paper mills in Shimogha (1981), Hindustan Newsprint at Vellore (1982)
and Pugalur in Tamil Nadu (1996) are other important centers.
ü Raw
Materials that are required for the paper industry: Bamboo (70 %), Salai
Wood (12 %), Sabai (9 %), Bagasses (4 %), Waste Paper & Rags (5 %).
Sugar Industry:
ü The
sugar industry is the second largest agro based industry after cotton textile.
ü India
is the 2nd largest producer of sugar after Cuba. (If Gur & Khandsari are
taken into account India is much ahead in sugar production).
ü India
is the Homeland of Sugarcane.
ü Sugarcane
is a heavy, weight loosing and perishable raw material.
ü It
takes 100 tonnes of sugarcane to produces 10 tonnes of sugar.
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